However, the term conveys deeper cultural meanings than its definition.
RLBE, by definition, refers to rural elderly whose children had left to work or study elsewhere, and subsequently did not live in the same village for more than 6 months of the year, cumulatively ( Ye and He, 2008). In 2012, according to Wu and Dang (2013), nearly 50 million (about 25% of the population aged 60 or older) were rural left-behind elderly (RLBE). With these social changes, many rural seniors are living without children nearby. However, researchers have found that increasing numbers of young Chinese are unwilling to live with parents and are less inclined to fulfil filial obligations ( Pu, 2014 Sereny, 2011 Zhang et al., 2014). In the 1980s, the co-residence rate of parents and children was 18% in the United States and 75% in China ( Logan and Bian, 1999). In traditional China, elders lived with several generations under one roof and relied on their children for support ( Ao et al., 2015 Hsu, 1948 Shek, 2006). It requires children not only to respect and obey their parents unconditionally but to also take care of the elderly by living together ( Shek, 2006). Thus, filial piety ranks at the top in all moral behaviours ( bai shan xiao wei xian). Traditional Chinese society is patriarchal with family as the unit ( Hsu, 1948).
Third, familism appears to have collapsed, as the influence of western individualism and demands for individual choice and freedom have moved China towards individualization ( Ji, 2015 Yan, 2010, 2011).
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